In the past it was often thought that polyelectrolyte solutions were almost impossible to measure reproducibly by light scattering, especially at low ionic strength. Apr 28, 2017 due to the high association constant, metal. Synthetic polymers are humanmade polymers derived from petroleum oil. Viscometry molecular weight is very important factor for the characterization of polymers. Polymer international society of chemical industry, vol. Determination of viscosity average molecular weight of. Download hires image download to mspowerpoint cite this. Evaluation of the performance of dual polyelectrolyte systems on the reflocculation ability of calcium carbonate aggregates in turbulent environment article pdf available in polymers 85. Download fulltext pdf physical chemistry of polyelectrolytes article pdf available in polymer bulletin 195. Koehler, the glidden company, member of ici paints 16651 sprague rd. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p download book.
Similarly, once formed, the behavior of these aggregates with respect to ionic strength resembles that of normal linear polyelectrolytes. This laboratory handbook offers clear guidelines and tips for the practical everyday application of viscosimetry, as well as supplying a comprehensive companion for the interpretation of viscosimetric data from simple to complex polymer solutions. We used dilute solution viscometry, specifically, measurements of intrinsic viscosity and overlap concentration to characterize two members of the carbopol family, carbopols 940 and 941. While it is true that the scattering from polyelectrolyte solutions. Structure and linear viscoelasticity of flexible polymer. Sep 11, 2014 determination of molecular weight of polymers by ostwald viscometry slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. This new edition reflects this growth and the continually expanding role of polymers. Our digital library hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Pdf evaluation of the performance of dual polyelectrolyte. The material has been completely reorganized and expanded to include important new topics and provide a coherent platform for teaching and learning the fundamental aspects of contemporary.
Dilute solution viscosity testing lab polymer solutions. The variation in this ratio is representative of the swelling equilibria. Figure 2 shows that the overlap concentration of neutral polymers in good solvent and of polyelectrolytes without salt show reasonably well the expected power laws in molar mass. There is an increased emphasis on pictorializing, reinforcing, integrating, and interweaving the basic concepts. Many methods are available for measuring viscosity of polymer solution. Analysis of linear and branched polyethylene glycols via gpc viscometry application note introduction polyethylene glycol is a biocompatible polymer used in many different commercial products because of its low toxicity.
The freeradical solution polymerization of charged monomers follows the usual mechanism of radical chain polymerization. Download fulltext pdf separation and characterization of synthetic polyelectrolytes and polysaccharides with capillary electrophoresis article pdf available september 2014 with 100 reads. Viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes springer. Molecular weight determination of polymers by viscometry. A single polymer molecule may consist of hundreds to a million monomers. It forms the basis of many cosmetic materials and lubricants. Exams exam 1 time and date will be specified very likely in late february exam 2 early part of april final exam week of april 26 student paper students have to prepare a research proposal based on the course that can be sent out for evaluation. This guide explains about the eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are. Both natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes are manufactured on a large scale. They make up about 80% of the organic chemical industry with products produced at approximately 150 kg of polymers per person annually in the united states. A reliable method to characterize such types of pel tends to be by analytical ultracentrifugation combined with dilution viscometry as reported previously. Gel permeation chromatography of watersoluble polymers, with special attention to polyelectrolytes, has been studied. Extra salt nacl, nai, cacl 2 reduces the solution viscosities of the 3.
Polymers free fulltext evaluation of the performance of. Their properties are similar to both electrolytes and polymers. In the case of papermaking, flocculation is the most important phenomena of the wetend stage since it affects process efficiency and the quality of the final product 1,2,3,4,5,6. These measured quantities were then used to calculate the swollentodry volume ratios for both resins over a range of ionic strengths. Polymer molecular weight measurement, special case i. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. The laboratory handbook viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes offers guidelines and tips for the practical everyday application of viscosimetry, as well as supplying a comprehensive companion for the interpretation of viscosimetric data from simple to complex polymer solutions. For polyelectrolytes without salt, we use the extended length l n making c proportional to n2. More recently, through its conjugation to different protein and. With this brief background, one can begin to understand how to do m measurements on branched polymers. Some of these methods and their principles will be discussed briefly in this section. Addition and condensation polymers can exist with a crosslinked network, depending on the monomers used in the synthesis.
Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. Balke the chevron approach to gpc axial dispersion correction wallace w. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Polyelectrolytes are polymers possessing many ionizable groups. The focus of viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes goes beyond an extended introduction by addressing experimental requirements and a comprehensive interpretation. Yau axial dispersion correction for the goldwasser method of absolute polymer mn.
Viscometry is to this day an easy accessible but at the same time significant analytical method for the characterization of polymers in solution and is therefore widely used in pharmaceutical, medical and polymer processing industries as well as in research institutes and universities. Determine the viscosity average molecular weight of a polymer. Polymer chemistry, sixth edition nanjing university. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. This chapter provides an introduction to the behaviour of polyelectrolytes in solution, discusses the difficulties which this behaviour engenders in the determination. A threedetector system refractometry, conductimetry, viscometry is used to characterize the polymers. Physical chemistry of polyelectrolytes springerlink. Like regular salts, acids, and bases, their solutions are electrically conductive and like polymers, their viscosity strongly depends on the molecular weight and polymer concentration. Determination of the molecular weight of a polymer from lec.
Determination of the molecular weight of a polymer from intrinsic viscosity measurements fig. There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Polyelectrolytes pel are widely used to achieve efficient solidliquid separation in many industries. Polymers synthetic 1 thermoplastics plastics linear, some cross linking can be melted and reformed on heating a amorphous no ordered structure b semi crystalline compo sed of microscopic crystallites domains of crystalline structure. A viscosity study of polyelectrolytes in the presence of. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Capillary viscometry measurements with solutions of a 3arm star polymer poly2methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium iodide in pure water and in different saline solvents have shown a number of differences to the analogous behavior of the linear polycation. Dilute solution viscosity measurements are one of the workhorse methods of the polymer characterization laboratory. Today, polymers are commonly used in thousands of products as plastics, elastomers, coatings, and adhesives.
The viscometric behavior of poly1vinyl2pyrrolidonecomaleic acid samples of different molecular mass values determined by absolute methods 1,2 was studied in dilute saltfree aqueous. Polymers mechanical properties are studied by instron. Gel permeation chromatography on polyelectrolytes in aqueous. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene uhmwpe bioabsorbable polymers polylactide, polyglycolide, polycaprolactone. Crosslinked polymers are formed when long chains are linked in one gigantic, 3dimensional structure with tremendous rigidity. A threedetector system refractometry, conductimetry, viscometry is used to. Read a novel method to estimate the stiffness of carbohydrate polyelectrolyte polymers based on the ionic strength dependence of zeta potential, carbohydrate polymers on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at. The application and theory of polymers continues to expand. Polyelectrolytes, single molecule experiments etc to probe the dynamics of polymer chains. Determination of molecular weight of polymers by visometry. Gel permeation chromatography gpc is a chromatographic technique in which the separation obtained is a function of molecular size. Lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6, teflon, thermoplastic. The use of dilute solution viscometry to characterize the. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of polymers pdf.
The different techniques are used for the determination of molecular weight of polymers such as gpc, light scattering, endgroup analysis, mass spectrometry, ebulliometry and cryometry etc. Viscometry of a polyacid in saltfree aqueous solution. Quantitation in analysis of polymers by multiple detector sec bernd trathnigg use of multidetector sec for determining local polydispersity t. A novel method to estimate the stiffness of carbohydrate. Thoroughly updated, introduction to polymers, third edition presents the science underpinning the synthesis, characterization and properties of polymers. The combination of polymeric and electrolyte behaviour gives them a number of useful properties, as indicated in table 1, but also poses problems of characterization. These effects are much more pronounced than in the case of uncharged macromolecules. One must use an absolute method light scattering, osmometry as opposed to a relative method viscometry, gpc, as the latter reflect molecular size more directly than m.
Viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes werner. Determination of molecular weight of polymers by ostwald viscometry slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes. Correlation length, tube diameter, and chain size of neutral polymers in good solvent, neutral polymers in. Interaction of ionomers and polyelectrolytes with divalent. Viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes springer laboratory. The first chapter is shorter in order to allow time for student orientation.
Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. The species in solutions are analyzed by light scattering, viscometry and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy cryo. Chem355 experiment 6 viscosity of high polymer solutions a polymer is a large molecule macromolecule composed of many simple units that are called repeating units. Stela draan and luminita ghimici, cationic polyelectrolytes, xi. The book can be recommended to scientists, technicians, or anyone working with polymer solutions, polyelectrolytes, and biopolymers such as hydrocolloids and proteins. Ppt theories of polyelectrolytes powerpoint presentation. Charged polymers and biopolymers polyelectrolytes polyelectrolytes polymers with positively or negatively charged groups dna 5 charged polymers and biopolymers polyampholytes polyampholytes polymers with positively and negatively charged groups histone gelatin 6 physical model of charged macromolecules 7 polyelectrolytes in dilute solutions 8.
Viscosity is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to flow. Feb 09, 2004 this laboratory handbook offers clear guidelines and tips for the practical everyday application of viscosimetry, as well as supplying a comprehensive companion for the interpretation of viscosimetric data from simple to complex polymer solutions. Chem355 experiment 6 viscosity of high polymer solutions. The dsv method is applied to a very broad range of polymers and products. Polyelectrolytes pel can be produced either by chemical modification of neutral macromolecules or by polymerization of ioniccharged monomers. Viscosimetry of polymers and polyelectrolytes ebook, 2004. Christian clasen viscometry is an easy, accessible, but at the same time significant, analytical method for the characterization of polymers in solution. Analysis of linear and branched polyethylene glycols via gpc. Familiar examples of crosslinked polymers are bakelite, rubber, and casting boat resin.
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